Science – Preparatory Grade 2

Course highlights

• Classify matter as solid, liquid, gas (and plasma), compare their physical properties, and use the particle theory (spaces, motion, Brownian motion, diffusion, compressibility) to explain them
• Explain how heating and cooling change the state of matter, read a heating curve, distinguish evaporation from boiling, and name the factors affecting melting and boiling points and the rate of evaporation
• Distinguish heat, temperature and internal energy, use the idea of a system, and explain the factors (mass, material – specific heat, energy supplied) that affect a temperature change
• Describe heat transfer by conduction, convection (sea breeze) and radiation (infrared, thermography) and give everyday heating and cooling applications
• Distinguish physical from chemical change, identify reactants, products and evidence of a chemical reaction, and give examples from daily life
• Apply the law of conservation of mass, write and balance simple chemical equations with coefficients, subscripts and states
• Describe the composition and importance of carbohydrates, fats and proteins and detect them with iodine, Benedict's, Sudan IV and biuret tests
• Describe photosynthesis from van Helmont's experiment to the chloroplast, its light-dependent and light-independent stages, starch formation and the factors affecting its rate
• Explain cellular respiration (pyruvic acid, mitochondria, Krebs cycle), compare it with photosynthesis, and distinguish anabolism from catabolism
• Explain continental drift and plate tectonics, the types of plate movement, and the role of earthquakes and volcanoes in changing Earth's surface and their hazards
• Describe the properties and formation of minerals and of soil, classify soils (transported, sedentary), and explain why mineral resources are limited and unevenly distributed
• Explain that melting and boiling absorb heat and freezing and condensation release it at constant temperature, and read a heating curve (t2, 2025/26)
• Distinguish exothermic from endothermic chemical changes with everyday examples and simple energy diagrams (t2, 2025/26)
• Describe combustion (the fire triangle, complete and incomplete combustion) and explain oxidation and reduction by gain and loss of oxygen (and electrons) (t2, 2025/26)
• State and apply Newton's three laws of motion, including F = m a (t2, 2025/26)
• Classify levers into three classes, apply the lever principle and calculate the mechanical advantage (t2, 2025/26)
• Compare mitosis and meiosis (purpose, number and type of cells, chromosome number) (t2, 2025/26)
• Describe the parts of a flower, pollination, fertilisation and the formation of fruit and seed (t2, 2025/26)
• Explain how uneven heating and air pressure shape climate, distinguish weather from climate, and describe Egypt's climate (t2, 2025/26)
• Explain winds as air moving from high to low pressure (incl. sea and land breezes), use weather instruments and read a simple weather map to forecast (t2, 2025/26)

Course content

• 10units
• 30sessions
• 21quizzes

The lecturer